Heathrow: Terminal 5

Terminal 5 Heathrow London London Heathrow Terminal 5 Project Scope The plans for this project began as far back as 1982, where there was an on-going debate as to whether the aviation industry in the United Kingdom should expand through Heathrow Airport or Stansted Airport. The objective of the operation was to add a fifth passenger terminal to Heathrow to handle the tourism coming into London, also with the intentions of increasing the capacity of Heathrow Airport from 65 million people per year to 97 million people per year. Plans for the building of Terminal 5 began in 1988.The project was given a budget of under ? 4. 5 billion. The main stakeholders in this operation were Willy Walsh (CEO of British Airways at the time), and Tony Douglas (CEO of BAA at the time). Terminal Five was going to be made using the latest technology in order to make the airport experience much easier for the public, and also to keep up with the leading airports in the world. The public were originally ve ry strongly opposing the plans, with local people and local councils claiming it would cause more noise pollution, air pollution and traffic congestion in their area.The first design milestone for this project came in the late 1980's when architect Richard Rogers of ‘Richard Rogers Partnership Architecture Firm' was appointed with the task of designing the structure. British Airports Authority (BAA) officially announced a proposal to expand through building Terminal 5 at Heathrow in May of 1992. Terminal 5 had to fulfil a number of needs as an airport terminal, such as retail facilities, rail terminal, multi-storey car park, production lines etc. Project PlanThe development of Terminal 5 was an extremely time-consuming journey which started in the late 1980's when Richard Rogers Partnership was appointed with the task of designing the terminal. Planning applications were submitted in 1993, and a public enquiry was held from 1995 to 1999 to examine the every need of this new te rminal, and every aspect of the design of the structure that was about to be introduced. Eight years after the initial planning application, the transport minister had made the decision to grant planning permission on behalf of the British government.It was the longest public enquiry in UK history with legal costs reaching 80m pounds and contained over 700 building conditions. At the time Terminal 5 was the largest construction project in Europe and cost a staggering 4. 2bn. Phase one of the project included many systems of systems; it contains two main terminal satellites, car parks with over 4,000 spaces, major tunnelling and excavations, underground bagging system, road rail extensions, air traffic control tower, a hotel containing 600 bedrooms, 60 aircraft stands, as well as transit systems.The British Airports Authority felt they had to upgrade their airport to keep in competition with other main hub airports. Construction of the project went underway in the Summer of 2002 and was originally a five year plan. Five key stages were identified in the construction of Heathrow Terminal 5: * Site Preparation & Enabling Works * Ground Works * Major Structures * Fit Out Site Preparation and Enabling Works A major archaeology excavation took place on the Terminal 5 site, where there were over 80,000 artefacts found during the excavation.Also operations such as levelling the site, laying foundations, extensive tunnelling to cater for the large underground baggage and railway system that was to be put in place for the airport. Groundworks March 2005 also saw the completion of developed road infrastructure (internal airside roads). A new spur road off the M25 was also completed and opened in April 2008 in order to improve access to the terminal. Underground railroad tunnel connections between Heathrow express and Terminal 5 were finally completed in September 2004 after four and half months of tunnelling.Terminal 5 has six platforms, two of which are used for London Underground Piccadilly extension, two for the Heathrow express and the remaining two for additional extensions. The railway service was completed in March 2008. Major Structures Two satellite terminals were built to cater for 30 million extra passengers per year. Phase 1 of building these structures would account for 27 million passengers then a further 3 million on completion of Phase 2. Phase 2 was the further construction of a second satellite terminal neighbouring to the original Terminal 5 structure and was completed in June 2005.March 2005 was a pivotal point in the construction of Terminal 5; the air traffic control tower was fully erected and stood 87 meters tall, which makes it one of the largest in Europe. Fit Out Key elements of the fit out comprise of specific electronic systems. These electronic systems involve new check-in technology. It uses a face recognition system on arrival to reduce waiting time for boarding passengers. The service also includes the Rapid Transit System, which is a personal people mover carriage which links people from the car park to the main Terminal 5 building.It was completed in April 2011 and then opened to the public in September 2011. The baggage handling system is the largest of its kind in Europe and it has two main integrated systems; fast track and main baggage sorter. The systems were designed to handle more than 70,000 bags per day. Working Breakdown Structure Risks Capital Issues Many factors had to be taken into account upon undertaking the Heathrow Terminal 5 build. This at the time was Europe’s largest construction project in its history and was also the British Airport Authority (BAA) largest and most expensive project undertaken.This project would tie up much of BAA’s working capital (4. 3 Billion). Taking up all off this was a huge risk for BAA as any major cost overruns would severely break the budget and would lead to huge exposure to BAA as a company itself rendering them out of money an d needing extra finance. To overcome this BAA set out a new no blame culture Construction Risks The construction site of the Terminal posed huge risks to the project as it was determined the site would be built on an area of wetlands west of the original airport.The site was previously occupied by a sewage works and these wetlands had two main rivers running through them which would need to be relocated in order for any construction to go ahead. The two rivers – The Longford River and The Duke of Northumberland River. BAA came up with a twin Rivers Diversion Scheme to re route these rivers operating under strict time constraints established from the inquiry. The scheme achieved a Civil Engineering Environmental Quality (CEEQUAL) award for maintaining high environmental standards and quality during design and construction.Constraint Issues Being the largest free standing building ever to be built in Europe coupled with the fact that Heathrow had to be fully operational through out the construction project special cranes had to be custom built in order to erect the building while not interfering with air space and possibly causing havoc amongst the airport. Many constraints were also put on the builders, workers and architects of the project from the lengthy inquiry – one of the main issues being that only one access road would be allowed to service the site.This forced BAA to create and off site set up area where the pre fabrication was done for the project and then brought on site when needed. Costs We as a group believe that this project was extremely good value for money although it came in over budget by over â‚ ¬200. T2 received 3 accolades for its structure and design and scored exceptional high in areas of efficiency, cost, aesthetics and innovation. It has won these awards for its smooth operation’s during construction.Terminal 2 was over budget because it was seen as an investment for decades to come rather than a quick solution for an outdated airport. Terminal 2 was a key infrastructural venture, tourism decimated since the onset of the recession and that has had a significant impact on footfall at Dublin Airport. With its new technologies it lays the path for future prosperity and growth within the Irish tourism sector. We believe that the planning of the budget was the problem here and not enough consideration was taken into account about unforeseen circumstances – leading to the budget being hugely unrealistic.The Enabling works along with site logistics & phasing was originally budgeted at â‚ ¬5,925,000 but final cost turned out to be â‚ ¬9,135,000. The works & logistics involved diversion of utility services and the unplanned extensive reconstruction of Corbalis House a post medieval house dating back to the pre 1700’s. REFERENCE Upon reaching our judgement that T2 was a construction success we referred back to and compared Heathrow’s T5. DAA managed to build and Internatio nal Terminal with a final cost of â‚ ¬609 whereas it took BAA â‚ ¬4. Billion to service only double the amount of yearly passengers as Dublins T2. Below are some other stark comparisons where we believe T2 was a massive success as they managed to spend 7 x times less than BAA’s T5. ————————————————- | ————————————————- BAA T5| ————————————————- DAA T2| ————————————————- FINAL COST| ————————————————- â‚ ¬5. 3 BILLION| ————————————————- â‚ ¬609 MILLION| ———————————————— PASSENGERS PER ANNUM| ————————————————- 30 MILLION| ————————————————- 15 MILLION| ————————————————- SQ METRES| ————————————————- 350,000| ————————————————- 75 ,000| ————————————————- CONSTRUCTION LENGTH| ————————————————- 6 YEARS| ————————————————- 3 YEARS| ———————————————— NO. RETAIL OUTLETS| ————————————————- 112| ————————————————- 40| Terminal 2 Terminal 2 as a project in our group’s opinion was value for money, even though it came in at 200 million over budget it has r eceived 3 accolades for its structure and design and scored exceptional high in areas of efficiency, cost, aesthetics and innovation. It has won these awards for its smooth operation’s during construction. Terminal 2 was over budget because . t was seen as an investment for decades to come rather than a quick solution for an outdated airport. Terminal 2 was a key infrastructural venture, tourism decimated since the onset of the recession and that has had a significant impact on footfall at Dublin Airport. , with its new technologies it lays the path for future prosperity and growth within the Irish tourism sector. Bibliography * http://centrim. mis. brighton. ac. uk/research/projects/t5 * http://www. economist. com/node/4300209 * http://www. hacan. org. uk/resources/briefings/hacan. briefing. heathrow_terminal_5. pdf

Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease is a general name for a wide variety of diseases, disorders and conditions that affect the heart and sometimes the blood vessels as well. Risk factors for developing cardiovascular disease include having hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle. Other risk factors include being of African-American ancestry, male, drinking excessive amounts of alcohol, having a lot of long-term stress, smoking and having a family history of a heart attack at an early age.Some different types of cardiovascular disease includes angina, heart attack, heart failure, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, and cardiac arrhythmias. Other forms of cardiovascular disease include congenital heart defects, cardiomyopathy, infections of the heart, coronary artery disease, heart valve disorders, myocarditis, and pericarditis. Symptoms of cardiovascular disease vary depending on the specific type of cardiovascular disease. A classic symptom of cardiovascu lar disease is chest pain.However, with some forms of cardiovascular disease, such as atherosclerosis, there may be no symptoms in some people until life-threatening complications. Treatment of cardiovascular disease begins with prevention. Many forms of cardiovascular disease can be prevented or controlled effectively with prevention measures that include regular exercise, not smoking or drinking excessively, achieving and maintaining a healthy weight, and eating a heart-healthy well-balanced diet. Risk factors, such as high cholesterol, diabetes, and hypertension can be prevented or controlled through these lifestyle changes, regular medical care and/or medication.Heart disease can be improved — or even prevented — by making certain lifestyle changes. The following changes can help anyone who wants to improve his or her heart health: Stop smoking. Smoking is a major risk factor for heart disease, especially atherosclerosis. Nicotine constricts blood vessels and force s your heart to work harder, and carbon monoxide reduces oxygen in your blood and damages the lining of your blood vessels. If you smoke, quitting is the best way to reduce your risk of heart disease and its complications.Control your blood pressure. Ask your doctor for a blood pressure measurement at least every two years. Check your cholesterol. Ask your doctor for a baseline cholesterol test when you're in your 20s and then at least every five years. Keep diabetes under control. If you have diabetes, tight blood sugar control can help reduce the risk of heart disease. Get moving. If you have heart disease, exercise helps you achieve and maintain a healthy weight and control diabetes, elevated cholesterol and high blood pressure — all risk factors for heart disease.If you have a heart arrhythmia or heart defect, there may be some restrictions on the activities you can do, so be sure to talk to your doctor first. With your doctor's OK, aim for 30 to 60 minutes of physical ac tivity most days of the week. Even if you can't make time for one 30- to 60-minute exercise session, you can still benefit from breaking up your activity into several 10-minute sessions. Eat healthy foods. A heart-healthy diet based on fruits, vegetables and whole grains — and low in saturated fat, cholesterol and sodium — can help you control your weight, blood pressure and cholesterol.Eating one or two servings of fish a week also is beneficial. Maintain a healthy weight. Being overweight increases your risk of heart disease. Weight loss is especially important for people who have large waist measurements — more than 40 inches (101. 6 centimeters, or cm) for men and more than 35 inches (88. 9 cm) for women — because people with this body shape are more likely to develop diabetes and heart disease. Manage stress. Reduce stress as much as possible. Practice healthy techniques for managing stress, such as muscle relaxation and deep breathing. Practice good hygiene habits.Staying away from other people when they are sick and regularly washing your hands can not only prevent heart infections but also can help prevent viral or bacterial infections that can put stress on your heart if you already have heart disease. Also, brushing and flossing your teeth regularly can prevent germs in your mouth from making their way to plaques in your heart, which could worsen cardiovascular disease. Get a flu shot. If you have cardiovascular disease, you're at a greater risk of having a heart attack should you catch the flu. Getting a flu shot decreases this risk. Cardiovascular Disease Cardiovascular disease is a general name for a wide variety of diseases, disorders and conditions that affect the heart and sometimes the blood vessels as well. Risk factors for developing cardiovascular disease include having hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle. Other risk factors include being of African-American ancestry, male, drinking excessive amounts of alcohol, having a lot of long-term stress, smoking and having a family history of a heart attack at an early age.Some different types of cardiovascular disease includes angina, heart attack, heart failure, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, and cardiac arrhythmias. Other forms of cardiovascular disease include congenital heart defects, cardiomyopathy, infections of the heart, coronary artery disease, heart valve disorders, myocarditis, and pericarditis. Symptoms of cardiovascular disease vary depending on the specific type of cardiovascular disease. A classic symptom of cardiovascu lar disease is chest pain.However, with some forms of cardiovascular disease, such as atherosclerosis, there may be no symptoms in some people until life-threatening complications. Treatment of cardiovascular disease begins with prevention. Many forms of cardiovascular disease can be prevented or controlled effectively with prevention measures that include regular exercise, not smoking or drinking excessively, achieving and maintaining a healthy weight, and eating a heart-healthy well-balanced diet. Risk factors, such as high cholesterol, diabetes, and hypertension can be prevented or controlled through these lifestyle changes, regular medical care and/or medication.Heart disease can be improved — or even prevented — by making certain lifestyle changes. The following changes can help anyone who wants to improve his or her heart health: Stop smoking. Smoking is a major risk factor for heart disease, especially atherosclerosis. Nicotine constricts blood vessels and force s your heart to work harder, and carbon monoxide reduces oxygen in your blood and damages the lining of your blood vessels. If you smoke, quitting is the best way to reduce your risk of heart disease and its complications.Control your blood pressure. Ask your doctor for a blood pressure measurement at least every two years. Check your cholesterol. Ask your doctor for a baseline cholesterol test when you're in your 20s and then at least every five years. Keep diabetes under control. If you have diabetes, tight blood sugar control can help reduce the risk of heart disease. Get moving. If you have heart disease, exercise helps you achieve and maintain a healthy weight and control diabetes, elevated cholesterol and high blood pressure — all risk factors for heart disease.If you have a heart arrhythmia or heart defect, there may be some restrictions on the activities you can do, so be sure to talk to your doctor first. With your doctor's OK, aim for 30 to 60 minutes of physical ac tivity most days of the week. Even if you can't make time for one 30- to 60-minute exercise session, you can still benefit from breaking up your activity into several 10-minute sessions. Eat healthy foods. A heart-healthy diet based on fruits, vegetables and whole grains — and low in saturated fat, cholesterol and sodium — can help you control your weight, blood pressure and cholesterol.Eating one or two servings of fish a week also is beneficial. Maintain a healthy weight. Being overweight increases your risk of heart disease. Weight loss is especially important for people who have large waist measurements — more than 40 inches (101. 6 centimeters, or cm) for men and more than 35 inches (88. 9 cm) for women — because people with this body shape are more likely to develop diabetes and heart disease. Manage stress. Reduce stress as much as possible. Practice healthy techniques for managing stress, such as muscle relaxation and deep breathing. Practice good hygiene habits.Staying away from other people when they are sick and regularly washing your hands can not only prevent heart infections but also can help prevent viral or bacterial infections that can put stress on your heart if you already have heart disease. Also, brushing and flossing your teeth regularly can prevent germs in your mouth from making their way to plaques in your heart, which could worsen cardiovascular disease. Get a flu shot. If you have cardiovascular disease, you're at a greater risk of having a heart attack should you catch the flu. Getting a flu shot decreases this risk.

Mercantilism and the Physiocracy

Individual economic activity was less controlled by the custom and tradition of the feudal society and the authority of the church. Production of goods for market became more important and land, labor and capital began to be bought and sold in markets. This laid the groundwork for the Industrial Revolution in the second part in the 18th century. However, we have to remember, that still we are talking about pre-industrial world, where agriculture is the most important sector of the economy.During this period from 16th to the half of 18th century, economic thinking developed from simple applications of ideas about individuals, households and producers to a more complicated view of the economy as a system with laws and interrelationships of its own. Mercantilism. Mercantilism is the name given to the economic literature and practice in Europe of the period between 1500 and 1750. Although mercantilist literature was produced in all the developing economies of Western Europe (and I should add some Eastern European, for example in Poland, economies too), the most significant contributions were made by the English and the French.Whereas the economic literature of scholasticism was written by medieval churchmen, the economic theory of mercantilism was the work of secular people, mostly merchant businessmen, who were privately engaged in selling and buying goods. The literature they produced focused on questions of economic policy and was usually related to a particular interest the merchant and writer (in one person) was trying to promote. For this reason, there was often considerable skepticism regarding the analytical merits of particular arguments and the validity of their conclusions.Few authors could claim to be sufficiently detached from their private issues and offer objective economic analysis. However, throughout the mercantilism, both the quantity (there were over 2000 economic works published in 16th and 17th century) and quality of economic literature grew. The mercantilist literature from 1650 to 1750 was of distinctly higher quality, these writers created or touched on nearly all analytical concept on which Adam Smith based his Wealth of Nations, which was published in 1776.The age of mercantilism has been characterized as one in which every person was his own economist. Since the various writers between 1500 and 1750 held very diverse views, it is difficult to generalize about the resulting literature. Furthermore, each writer tended to concentrate on one topic, and no single writer was able to synthesize these contributions impressively enough to influence the subsequent evelopment of economic theory. Secondly, mercantilism can best be understood as an intellectual reaction to the problems of the times.In this period of the decline of feudalism and the rise of the nation-states, the mercantilists tried to determine the best policies for promoting the power and wealth of the nation, the policies that would best consolidate and incr ease the power and prosperity of the developing economies. What is especially important here is the mercantilistic assumption that the total wealth of the world was fixed and constant. These writers applied the assumption to rade between nations, concluding that any increase in the wealth and economic power of one nation occurred at the expense of other nations (the rest of the world).Thus, the mercantilists emphasized international trade as a mean of increasing the wealth and power of a nation. Using some modern game-theoretic language, we may say, that they perceived economic activity and international trade in particular as a zero-sum game, that is a game, where it is impossible for both players to win (In a two-person zero-sum game, the payoff to one player is the negative of that going to the other player). So according to mercantilists, it is impossible to increase a global wealth of the world in effect of international trade.It is a very sad assumption, and modern economists do not snare it. The goal of economic activity, according to most mercantilists, was production, not consumption, as classical economists would later have it. They advocated increasing the nation's wealth by simultaneously encouraging production, increasing exports and holding down domestic consumption. Thus, in practice, the wealth of nation rested on the poverty of the many members of society. One again, they advocated igh level of production, high level of export and low domestic consumption.

Re-education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Re-education - Essay Example ractice was because of the growing concerns about the changes in the health centre particularly the health care delivery system and in the field practice as well. In realizing of the dire need of professional nurses in the health care centre, the faculty decided to re-educate the health care providers on the hand cleaning hygiene practice. To ensure the effectiveness in the health care field, the team carried out a research on hand washing practice using Dettol soap in South Africa for a period of six months. After the research period, in which the assigned students acted as receptor, it was evident that families that washed their hand regularly feel ill less often. As a healthcare practitioner, I would undertake various leadership strategies to ensure the success of the project. One of the essential objectives of health care provider requires is to attain organizational skills and ensure the patient safety. The understanding and skills in leadership ensure that the health care provider offer quality services to patient to provide quality health care (ACCN, 2009). In the research, it was clear that washing hands prevent spread of germs from one person to another. Another reason for the hand-cleaning project was the fact that fundamental rules entail scholarship for evidence-based practice. As such, the health care providers are entitled to translate current evidence into practice thus; the hand-washing project is a confirmation that there was a research carried out regarding the topic. An initial thought of people who should attend my project presentation is the untrained medical practitioners. It is important for them to understand that a crucial element is the intercommunication between health providers, which is important in improving the patient health care due to shared ideas (In Burns, S. & AACN, 2010). The information can assist the researcher to recognize their professionalism and their values such as dignity and integrity. Moreover, they should

Power Relations and the Reporting of International News Essay

Power Relations and the Reporting of International News - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that globalization has brought huge changes in this world. Virtually, there are no life segments in which globalization failed to make an impact. In politics, economics, education, business as well as in social and cultural activities, globalization has brought huge changes. Journalism or reporting of international news is another area in which globalization was able to bring significant changes. It should be noted that the power relations have been changed drastically after the collapse of former the Soviet Union. Earlier, America and the Soviet Union were the undisputed superpowers in this world and the majority of the other countries were keen on establishing the political relationship with these countries. It should be noted that majority of the communist countries took aside of the Soviet Union whereas a majority of the capitalist countries joined hands with America during the cold war period. As a result of that, the media in differen t countries started to make and report news wither in favor of America or in favor of Soviet Union, based on the political relationship of their mother country with the superpowers. In other words, neutrality in the reporting of international news has been severely damaged during the cold war period. At the same time, the destruction of Soviet Union, as well as the introduction of globalization, has changed the reporting of international news drastically. America became the undisputed leader in global politics after the destruction of Soviet Union, even though China is rapidly becoming the second superpower in the world. Moreover, â€Å"the forces of  resurgent market liberalism, the decline of public service broadcasting, the global collapse of dictatorships and the outbreak of the so-called ‘catching up’ or ‘velvet’ revolutions of 1989-1991† have contributed heavily to the changes in the global reporting styles. In short, the rapid changes in the global political and economic spectra have contributed heavily to the changes in the reporting of international events.

LANGUSGE AND THEMATIC ANALYSIS OF THE EXCERPT FORM THE ROVER Essay

LANGUSGE AND THEMATIC ANALYSIS OF THE EXCERPT FORM THE ROVER - Essay Example The major themes observed in this excerpt include prostitution or women liberation according to the author’s perspective, love and lust. Behn uses the profession of prostitution as a tool to demonstrate her definition of women liberation where men and women are treated as equals with same rights. This theme is apparent from the line, â€Å"is all this heaven of beauty shown to move despair in those who cannot buy?† as Hunter (1993, p.103). also states, â€Å"in the Rover the chaotic, unrepressed â€Å"other† body of woman is idealized to allow Behn to express a cultural longing for a prelapsarian Golden Age where sexes love mutually and women are desiring subjects rather than passive objects† The character of Willmore and Angelica are used as an aid to symbolically represent the theme of lust and love because the whole episode that is depicted in this scene is a matter of lust for Willmore while it is love for Angelica. Behn (1967, p. xiv) states, â€Å"f or Willmore†¦ women are objects to be bought and sold, love is merely lust†. This statement is also supported by the non serious demeanor of Willmore in the scene where he is intent on getting his way and uses words as the weapon to persuade Angelica.

Media and body image Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Media and body image - Research Paper Example In that regard, people have become victims of the media sources like magazines because they police and construct ideas on standards from fashion to everything in life. From an evaluation of the pictures and articles in the vogue magazine, it is clear that the media polices and constructs certain body images for both men and women; these body images are deliberate because audiences need something to feed on, to keep on reading the magazines, and the magazines themselves deliver just that. It is apparent that media treats the male and female body images differently, in addition to treating body images of heavy people and thin people differently. Evidently, all these body images pass across some subtle yet firm messages that reflect gendered societal views about both men and women; in that case, media constructs truths about life, thus, it is the most powerful influence on how both men and women often view themselves. There are clear indications that the Vogue magazine applies different standards in its portrayal of the body images for both males and females from the manner in which it portrays them differently. On a wider scope, the body images of b oth men and women in this magazine depict the sexes in stereotypical ways that constrain the readers’ perceptions of the limitless human possibilities. For instance, the body image of males in the vogue magazine depicts them as lively, powerful, daring, sexually aggressive and most importantly, they are depicted as being deeply involved and playing extremely important roles in human relationships (Horowitz). This magazine imposes this body image as the universal standard for males and as a result, it is consistent with the cultural views of males in society; however, the actual reality in the wider population is different. Truth of the matter is there are all sorts of imperfections in the body image of males in the

Behaviorists Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Behaviorists - Essay Example According to Guthrie such change could be achieved if a person is determined to replace the old behavior with something new instead. This could be achieved employing his suggested methods to include the threshold means, exhaustion, and incompatible response approach. Guthrie’s idea of threshold adjustment states that behavior of a person can change if the stimulus is weak or could be tolerated. For instance, people who smoke may not be elicited to puff a cigarette if he can indulge reducing the number of sticks a day until eventually he would endure not to smoke. The threshold method is further reinforced through sidetracking. This is avoiding the cues that may compel undesirable behavior (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009) such as avoiding friends who smoke. Another helpful strategy is adopting the exhaustion mechanism which suggests repetition of the habit until the person feels the anguish of fatigue. An example would be to let the person smoke until he coughs or get sick. Such reac tion to smoking habit enables him to ultimately give up the habit. Equally important strategy is the use of incompatible response. Allowing the person to chew gum helps forge the link between the habit to smoke and the relief from smoking. Despite the proposed methods above, habits are hard to break. This is attributed to the familiar neural pathways involved.

Analytical Essay #1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Analytical #1 - Essay Example Based on the nature of the constitution and the provisions on the powers of the federal government, the American system has created a limited government scenario as the mandate of the federal government are limited by the fundamental constitutional provisions (Ginsberg, Lowi and Weir 47). Through different approaches, the federal government controls the supply of money into the economy as a way of strengthening the currency and inflation. Through this function, the government ensures that the economy is protected from the impacts of credit and financial crisis as witnessed in the previous years. The federal government is also constitutionally required to regulate the trade within different states in the country and with international markets. This ensures that unscrupulous trading activities are controlled and illegal entry of products restricted. Treaties that border on security and protection of the territorial boundaries of the country like the north Atlantic treaties are a role of the national government. As a result, no other branch of government or state can declare war against a foreign country as this is the constitutional role of the federal government (Ginsberg, Lowi and Weir 46). The role of the national government on issues that affect the life of the citizens has remained a controversial issue and this contributed to the limitation of the powers of the federal government. Before the American civil war, debates on the scope of the powers of the national government raged but most believed that the limitation of the federal government power would be in the interest of the people. The debates influenced the limitation of the powers of the federal government and different reasons have been cited for the limited nature of government in the country (Ginsberg, Lowi and Weir 73). One of the main contributing factors was the legacy of revolution which created the fear of the establishment of centralized power system

Florida v. Harris and Florida v. ardines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Florida v. Harris and Florida v. ardines - Essay Example Consistent in all global legislative systems, legal cases are initially sought out in lower and trial courts.Subsequently, the decisions are appealed and challenged in higher courts such as Supreme Court. Various concurring and dissenting opinions are revealed during the hearings of the cases and all circumstances are carefully accounted for before reaching final conclusion. References to past legal cases are very critical as situations of most of the cases resemble to those in older ones. This paper entails a detailed discussion and critical analysis of two separate legal cases which have mutually similar circumstances. Legal facts of case FLORIDA V. JARDINES This case revolved on deciding whether using a drug-sniffing dog on curtilage of an individual’s home, in hope of finding traces of illegal content, constitutes to meaning of ‘search’ as prescribed under the Fourth Amendment. Jardines’ house front porch was searched by police with Franky, a drug-sniff ing dog, and a warrant was requested on basis of suspicious information gathered through this search. Later, marijuana and other related material were discovered from premises and Jardines was arrested and charged accordingly. FLORIDA V. HARRIS This case pertained to a similar situation whereby a police officer, Mr. Wheetley, pulled over a driver for a routine check-post stop and insisted on searching the vehicle after his trained K-9 dog indicated that side door handle reflects some traces of drugs content. Subsequently, only methamphetamine ingredients were found and Harris, the driver, was charged with its possession. Later out on bail, Harris ran into officer Wheetley again and a similar search was conducted but in vain. Harris filed a case to suppress the evidence on basis that the officer did not have probable cause for searching his trunk as the dog displayed incompetent performance. At the hearing, officer eventually confessed about expiry of certification and his lack of du e diligence in maintaining updated records of dog’s performances and trainings (Supreme Court of the United States [a] 1-6). Court decisions FLORIDA V. JARDINES At the hearing of trial court, Jardines claimed that dog-sniffing investigation had no reasonable grounds and hence marijuana possession must be dispensed with. The trial court approved the motion which was subsequently reversed by the Florida Third District Court of Appeal. When petition was filed for scrutiny of this reversal, the Supreme Court nullified this decision and agreed to initial decision as given by trial court, suppressing that the trained-dog investigation falls under Fourth Amendment search and hence any warrant released on basis of information revealed in such search is itself void. FLORIDA V. HARRIS Initially, the trial court disapproved the motion to suppress on the grounds that officer had reasonable basis to conduct search. Harris entered an appeal against trial court’s decision and the int ermediate state court also affirmed the same. However, subsequently the Supreme Court intervened and denied trial court’s decision and claimed that officer didn’t have probable cause to search vehicle in accordance with the definition under Fourth Amendment. It ruled out on the adequacy of reason given by the officer that the dog was adequately certified and trained. Later, the court itself established certain standards to test dog’s reliability and potential as it claimed that a wider range of evidence is required to indicate number of times the dog might have given a false alert in similar past situations. The Florida Supreme Court ordered that a complete set of records and exhibits for dog’s credentials must be presented for review prior to establishing its potential and credibility. It designed various tests to assess its capabilities and produced a rigorous checklist which the

BUS LAW wk3 dq Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

BUS LAW wk3 dq - Assignment Example Rudy becomes irate and tells Marie she will be hearing from his attorney. Is there an enforceable contract in this situation? Identify and discuss the elements of a valid contract and predict whether Rudy can legally compel Marie to surrender the paint sprayer.   No, there was no enforceable contract since Marie and Rudy did not have a written agreement which transferred the paint sprayer to Rudy. An enforceable contract would require two important aspects that are associated with statue of frauds and concept of acceptance. Hence, in this case if one party only agreed to the contract without signing it, Rudy cannot legally compel Marie to give her paint sprayer. aâ‚ ¬? Felipe Underwood is a famous artist whose portraits are in demand nationwide. Doris Williams thinks it will give her prestige to own an Underwood portrait, so she pays Felipe $50,000 to paint her portrait from a photograph. Unknown to Doris, Felipe gives the photograph to Malina because he has accepted another com mission to paint the portrait of the president, and Malina completes the portrait. When Doris has a party to unveil her portrait, an art critic guest tells her that although the portrait is painted in the Underwood style, it is a fake. Dorisaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s attorney files suit against Felipe for breach of contract and for seeking specific performance.

Homers epic poem The Odyssey Essay Example for Free

Homers epic poem The Odyssey Essay In Homers epic poem, The Odyssey, the protagonist, Odysseus, has spent ten years fighting in the Trojan War. Due to the gods anger against Odysseus, he is destined to have a very long and difficult journey home. Odysseus proves to be brave because he overcomes both external and internal conflicts on this long journey home. The external conflicts that Odysseus overcomes show that he is highly courageous. For example, the episode with the Cyclops proves he is clever because he tricked Polyphemus into thinking that his men were sheep. Another example of Odysseus braveness was his encounter with the suitors. He was very strong and confident which caused him to fight the hundreds of suitors and win even though it was only he and his son against the other men. These external conflicts prove Odysseus strength and cleverness, and show how strong and brave he is. Odysseus also had to deal with internal conflicts that affected him personally. For instance, when Odysseus had to pass Charybdis, he knew he would lose some of his men. This hurt Odysseus because him an his men became close during their journey home, so he had to struggle with the fact that hed have to leave some people behind. Secondly, when Odysseus finally returned home, he didnt want to tell his wife, Penelope, and his son, Telemachus, who he was right away. He felt that they would not believe him and he wanted to see if they could figure out who he was on their own. These are examples of conflicts Odysseus dealt with within himself, and prove that he is brave. These facts show that Odysseus is fearless and courageous during his external and internal conflicts. He knows how to deal with his troubles, and is a very strong person. Odysseus had many problems on his long journey home, but he made it through and accomplished his main goal; to return to his family and home in Ithaca.

Effect Of Maitland Mobilisation Health And Social Care Essay

Effect Of Maitland Mobilisation Health And Social Care Essay Patient is a 35 years old golf coach. Patient had a history of going over his ankle on both sides. General health status of the patient is good. Patients activity ranges from a round of18holes of golf and driving range for 60mins a day. Patients activity includes more walking. The main problem of the patient is pain and stiffness in right ankle. Patient had a history of slowly developed pain and stiffness over the last 4months during his full time coaching job. The aggravating factors of his problem were powerful driving range shots for 30mins and walking for 40mins. The easing factors of his problem are rest and heat for 40mins. In the 24hours pattern of pain, patient has stiffness on rising and which gets easier with gentle activity. On palpation there is puffiness to anterior and lateral aspect of right ankle. On examination the resisted dorsiflexion is weak and painful. There is a decreased range of motion of active plantar flexion. In passive plantar flexion pain is produced after resistance. The resisted plantar flexion is weak and painful. Active range of motion of inversion is reduced and painful. During passive inversion pain is felt after resistance. Resisted inversion is weak and painful. Resisted eversion is weak. In accessory movement of talocrural joint, postero-anterior glide is stiff and the pain is produced at the end of range. In the distal tibio-fibular joint, longitudinal cephalad glide is painful before resistance and during postero-anterior glide the patient feels easier. The muscles are weak on both sides of ankle. The right ankle is weaker compared to left ankle. Anterior talo-fibular ligament and calcaneo-fibular ligaments show bilateral laxity. On palpation there is puffiness around the lateral malleolus. Heel raise of the patient is poor, which is 5 on right and 10 on right side. SEVERITY, IRRITABILITY, AND THE NATURE OF PAIN According to Petty (2006) severity and intensity of pain are related together. Severity can be determined by the ability of the patient to maintain the position or movement. Severity is a main factor to determine whether the patient may be able to tolerate overpressure and perform movements up to the first point of pain. According to Hartley (1994) the perception of pain differs from person to person depending on the individuals emotional status and his previous pain experiences. The intensity of pain depends on the number of nociceptors in the site of injury and the surrounding tissues. Intensity of pain can be more in the areas of high innervation than the area of poor innervations. According to Hengeveld Banks (2003) the intensity of pain is subjective and it varies from person to person. In this case the intensity of pain of the patient is 4/10 of visual analogue scale. The patient can play a round of18holes of golf a day and practices on the driving range for 60mins a day. He also walks for a long distance. In spite of pain the patient was able to perform his activity. So the patients severity of pain may be low to moderate. Hengeveld Banks (2003) says that irritability depends on activity causing the pain, the intensity of the activity and the time taken for the pain to subside after the activity is stopped by the patient. According to Petty (2006) irritability can be determined by the time taken for pain symptoms to ease. The symptom is said to be irritable, when the symptom persist after the activity producing pain is stopped. If the symptoms are irritable the patient will not be able to tolerate movements for longer durations. The symptoms may even get worse with activity. So the testing movements should be done with caution. In this case the aggravating factors are powerful driving rage shots for 30mins and walking for 90mins. Similarly the easing factors are rest and heat for 40mins. So the irritability of patient may be moderate to high. However according to Hartley (1995) aching pain is related to the structures like deep ligament, deep muscles, tendon sheath, chronic bursa, compact fascia. Further Magee (2008) argues that, when pain is caused by an activity and eases with rest indicates that there is a mechanical problem which is related to movements. Occasional pain may indicate that there is a mechanical involvement and it is related to movement and mechanical stress. In this case the pain is intermittent and deep in nature. The patient has pain after activity and the pain resolves with rest. So the pain may be mechanical, intermittent and deep in nature MANUAL THERAPY TREATMENT In this case, the main problem of the patient is stiffness rather than pain, in the right ankle. Maitlands grade4 mobilisation with postero-anterior glide of talus on ankle mortise can be given to improve range of motion of plantar flexion. The glide can be given in grade 4, because it is stable and controlled compared to grade3 (Hengeveid Banks, 2003). Here the ankle mortise is a concave surface and the dome of talus is convex. When ankle mortise is fixed and talus is moved, plantar flexion occurs by concave-convex rule. (http://www.pt.ntu.edu.tw/hmchai/Kinesiology/KINmotion/JointStructionAndFunciton.htm, Date accessed: 13/12/2009) However before treatment the important factors that should be taken into account are patients objective marker of pain, loss of range of motion and movements causing pain and these factors should be evaluated after treatment sessions. In Maitlands technique, there is no standard duration for the treatment, but the duration of the treatment should not be more than 2minutes. The duration of the treatment can be altered based on the severity, irritability and nature of the symptoms of the patient. Since the irritability of the patient is moderate to high, the initial treatment can be given for the duration of 30 seconds, with one or two repetitions to avoid exacerbation of the symptoms. After observing the objective marker, duration of the treatment can be progressed to 1 to 2mins and the repetitions can be progressed gradually. The patient can be positioned in prone lying with knee in 90 degree flexion. The starting position of the therapist can be standing by the side of patients righ t knee to have close contact with the treatment area. To give proper support to the shin, the left knee is placed on the couch. The therapist can perform the postero-anterior glide by holding the posterior surface of the calcaneus in his right hand with his thumb, fingers fanning around the calcaneus and his left hand held in supination, with his heel placed against the tibial anterior surface and the therapists fingers are proximally pointed. These positions can be followed to stabilise the part. The force can be applied by movement of the forearms opposing each other. The movement of the therapists forearms produce postero-anterior glide (Hengeveld Banks, 2003). Even though, there are literatures supporting the effectiveness of joint mobilisations, there is not enough controlled studies to prove that joint mobilisation can restore the normal range of motion and functions of hypomobile joint effectively (Farrel, J.P Jenson, G.A. 1992) EFFECT OF MAITLAND MOBILISATION Maitlands technique, are based on restoring arthrokinematic movements. Generally arthrokinematic motion of the joint can be restricted by the ligaments, capsules of the joint and periarticular fascia. The elastic properties of these connective tissues are based on the arrangement of the collagen bundles. In ligaments and tendons, the collagen bundles are arranged parallel to each other with elastic bundles in between them. When the connective tissue structures are unloaded, the collagen bundles show a crimp formation in their structure. This crimp results in production of slag in the connective tissue structure. During the phase of loading, slag is stretched first, followed by the stretching of main bundles. In contrast the fascia and aponeurosis have multilayer collagen bundles but have less crimping and slack compared to ligaments. Initially when the load is applied, structures with less slack are first subjected to stress, followed by the other bundles. The bundles of the fascia w hich have least slag will first resist the tensile stress. If the stress is increased then the ligaments which have more slag will resist the tensile load. After further deformation, the other bundles will act to resist the stress. To obtain elongation of the connective tissue on the whole, all the bundles should be subjected to required stress. This principle can be explained with the help of stress strain curve. In this graph, x-axis represents the stress and y-axis represents the corresponding strain produced by the load. The curve shows a slope, which indicates the connective tissue resistance to a load. The collagen bundles which are still slag, represent the toe region. The curve also represents the physiological loading range, which is then followed by the stage of microscopic failure. If the stress still increases the curve will proceed to the stage of macroscopic failure and may even result in the rupture of the connective tissue. Based on this concept Maitlands grade 4 technique aims to produce permanent elongation (plastic deformation) of the tissue by inducing low level of micro-failure in the connective tissues, there by increases the range of motion (Therkeld, 1992). There is no enough evidence to prove that Maitlands mobilisation can be done in full weight bearing and functional position. Its reliability is based on the clinicians treatment experience and patients reaction to the treatment (Farrel, J.P Jenson, G.A. 1992) SECONDARY TREATMENT The other problems of the patient are poor heel raising due to the weakness in the muscles of ankle joint and pain. In this case Maitlands grade1 mobilisation can be given to reduce pain by pain gate mechanism. As the patient is a golf coach, he needs good heel rising and strong ankle muscles for good performance in the game and to prevent further injury to ankle joint. Strengthening exercises to the muscles of plantarflexion, dorsiflexion, inversion and eversion can be taught to the patient to correct the muscular imbalance of the patient. Then the heel raising should be encouraged gradually and can be progressed if there is no pain. Balance training with the help of wobble board can be taught to the patient. The final phase of treatment is functional training. The patient can be trained to gradually increase the intensity and the duration of drive shots in the game. Walking can be encouraged in a stable surface. CONCLUSION Additional to manual therapy the effective means of rehabilitation of sports injuries should consist of soft tissue massage, electrotherapeutic modalities, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation, strengthening exercises, co-ordination training, endurance, flexibility, improving stability and educating the patient about the injury mechanism and methods of prevention (Farrel, J.P Jenson, G.A. 1992). Sports therapist should mainly concentrate on prevention of the injury rather treating when the injury has occurred.

Linear B Archives and the Mycenaean World

Linear B Archives and the Mycenaean World What contribution do the Linear B archives make to understanding the Mycenaean world in respect of one of the following: social organisation, cult practices, stock breeding and agriculture, warfare, bronze working? The Linear B archives provide us with the earliest primary evidence about Mycenaean palatial civilisations[1] and an unparalleled insight into the nature of Mycenaean warfare. The archives consist of approximately five thousand clay records[2] and contain information on armour, weapons, chariots, naval warfare and subsidiary details about possible troops. The importance of these documents is greatly enhanced by the complete lack of historical accounts[3] from this era, and also the fact that nearly all of the ideograms used in the archives are devoted to armour, weaponry, horses and chariots[4] means that they are of intrinsic value to the understanding of warfare in the Mycenaean world. However, there are limitations with the Linear B archives, particularly in terms of their chronological range, inventory style and perhaps bias representation of the importance of warfare under normal circumstances. It is also important to consider what other discoveries have made vital contributions to our understanding of Mycenaean warfare, such as the palaces themselves, surviving weapons and representations of war or armour in art. Since all of the tablets come from the palatial centres, one of their most important contributions is that they tell us directly about the economies of the palaces and that their main focus’ were ‘military preparedness’[5], defensive strategies and the wealth to support these things. The Linear B archives record information about the production, refurbishment and also the distribution[6] of many different types of military equipment. It is possible to interpret from the archives, that the Mycenaean’s used a very centralised system to gather and organise military equipment and that this was based around the main palatial complex. Evidence for this can be seen in a tablet from Pylos which lists sixteen different places that were responsible for supplying an amount of bronze in the form of heads for arrows and spears[7]. The tablets also directly show the extent that these palaces were concerned with having a fully equipped force[8], this is mainly due to the sheer number of references to armour and weapons throughout the archives. The many tablets depicting armour are especially useful when trying to understand Mycenaean warfare. Tablets at Tiryns[9], Pylos and Knossos all record suits of armour and provide us with evidence for the use of armour across a wider range of palatial centres than archaeological finds would suggest. At Pylos the tablets mention at least twenty suits of armour with the ideograms for a cuirass and a helmet, and at Dendra there are at least one hundred and forty suits recorded in the chariot tablet[10]. The ideograms themselves are of great value because form them you can see the style and type of armour which is very similar to the suit which was discovered at Dendra and those described by Homer[11]. Not only do the archives provide evidence for the use of armour they also give us some indication of the value of the armour itself. In some tablets the ideogram for armour is replaced with one for a bronze ingot[12], this could be interpreted as a representative of the value of the armour or perhaps as an approximate quantity of material used to make the armour itself. A further contribution made by the archives is the existence of an illustration on the reverse of a tablet. The drawing shows a man wearing greaves and drawing his sword, and was probably the work of a scribe while he was waiting to make his recordings[13]. This is particularly interesting as it allows us to see the influence that warfare may have had on a member of Mycenaean society who chose to sketch this scene and its shows the weapon and armour which was associated with a soldier. Weapons are an essential part of warfare and were a major resource recorded in the tablets. The importance of weapons to the Mycenaean’s can be clearly seen in a tablet from Pylos which records a quantity of recycled bronze by the number of arrow or spearheads it would be able to make[14]. The tablets also contribute to our knowledge of which materials were being used to manufacture weapons, for example we can tell that most weapons were being made from bronze because articles of iron were never mentioned in the tablets[15]. The use of ideograms to depict weapons allows us to partly see how the weapons would be used; thrusting spears, throwing javelins, slings and bows are all shown in the tablets[16]. The ideograms are also useful because it is possible to compare types of swords or daggers by looking at what is different between each separate ideogram. In the Linear B archives there have been large numbers of tablets devoted to chariots or their trappings. Many of these regions have rough terrain so this is often seen as particularly surprising. One example is the region around Knossos, which was, and still is, especially mountainous and the only way to use a chariot would be to bring it to the beach or to the plains some distance away[17]. Records relating to chariots include; a tablet from Pylos listing one hundred and fifty one chariot wheels[18], and the Knossos tablets featuring several hundred chariots and spare parts[19] along with individual inventories which record a name, chariot, horses and a suit of armour[20]. However, of particular interest in terms of chariots are a few texts from Knossos and Pylos. The first, from Knossos, records the distribution of defensive armour to each of the chariot crew[21]. The texts from Pylos, which were found in the Northeast Workshop, list leather items that relate to chariots, some examples are reigns, halters, bridals and saddlebags[22]. These groups of tablets provide us with information that not only supports the other Linear B evidence, but also archaeological finds as well. The archives have far more limited information in terms of naval warfare. At Pylos there are some unclear references to over six hundred ‘rowers’[23], and lists of coastal settlements[24], when considered together, these could be interpreted as naval organisation or defensive preparations. A further important addition to our knowledge of naval warfare is the drawing found on the reverse of a tablet in Pylos, its shows an image of a ship. The image is not only comparable to an ideogram used on a tablet from Knossos, but it also resembles the ships used not by the Mycenaeans but the Minoans[25]. One could argue that there were possible overlaps in the style of ships used from the Minoan period into the Mycenaean era. The contributions made by Linear B are undeniable, but on the other hand it is also vital to consider the disadvantages that these archives have. The records themselves were not intended to be long lasting[26] as they were only preserved by chance. They are in a way comparable to the modern post-it note: a disposable, cheap and transportable way of recording data. The survival of the tablets is also completely random[27], which means that we are often left with fragmented topics and it impossible to tell how complete the archives we have are. The archives are also only based on a certain group of palatial centres and so there is a possibility that there were some differences existing between these and others[28]. Thus meaning that using the archives to get a picture of the entire Mycenaean world is not reliable. A further problem with the tablets is the possibility that there are inaccurate. For example, those found in the ‘Room of the Chariot tablets’, have been interpreted, by some, to be scribal exercises and not genuine records, the reason for this interpretation is that they were all written by different hands in the same characteristic style[29]. If this was the case then much of our evidence for chariots would no longer be valid and the argument for their use in mountainous areas would be far weaker. The archives also have huge chronological limitations in terms of their range as they are either limited to the last year or so before the destruction of the palaces, or they are random undated years[30]. The maximum range of the archives has been dated to between fourteen hundred and twelve hundred BC, and each of the documents only refers to the current year[31]. This makes it extremely difficult to ascertain information regarding trends or patterns across the whole of the Mycenaean era. It is also important to take into consideration that these records represent what can only be seen as a period of unrest for the Mycenaean civilisations. The year before the destruction of the palaces would have probably been far more militaristic than ordinary day to day life. In the tablets we see examples of special provisions made for this time of warfare, one such example was Bronze smiths being excused from having to pay tax because they were so busy making weapons[32]. The tablets from Pylos include records of contributions of gold[33] and specific weights of bronze[34] from local officials; it could be possible that this was to finance the war effort. These records may then be giving us unbalanced view of the priorities of the Mycenaeans, and that perhaps under less pressing times there is a much smaller focus on warfare. Since the Linear archives are almost entirely made up of inventories[35], it is exceptionally difficult to understand either how objects were used or the nature of warfare itself in the Mycenaean world. This is particularly significant when you consider that none of the documents record the existence of an actual army[36]. It seems evident that although the archives provide us with a great amount of information, they do have their limitations. In order to fully understand Mycenaean warfare it is also necessary to consider the archaeological evidence that we have available. For example, the palaces themselves show evidence of a need for strong defences. The building works which took place before their destruction are a clear indication of preparation for sieges and attacks; in particular the introduction of water supplies[37] that would allow those inside the walls to survive, even under a long term siege. Furthermore the contributions in terms weaponry from the archives are much more valuable to us when we use it alongside actual surviving weapons and armour. One of the most important discoveries was the Dendra armour, a full bronze corslet and neckpiece[38] which is made from a number of individual sheets of bronze[39]. Armours of this type were recorded in tablets at both Knossos and Pylos[40] and the armour type can be clearly recognised by the ideograms themselves. We can also use comparisons between archaeological evidence and the tablets to trace different types of sword, and by doing so it is possible to see some possible changes in military practices[41]. Since the archives consist mostly of inventories it is useful to see these items as represented by the Mycenaeans, in particular through art, which gives us the opportunity to see depictions of chariots, weapons and armour in use. One such example of this is the ‘Silver Siege Ryhton’ from Shaft Grave four, which depicts an attack on a walled settlement[42]. What is particularly interesting is that this is a seaborne attack and so could link to the tablets listing coastal settlements from Pylos; it also shows an archer[43] which supports information on weaponry. Another vessel which provides useful information is the ‘Warrior Vase’ from Mycenae, this shows six men marching on each side of the vase. The men all wear white spotted, horned helmets, and carry spears and shields. They wear greaves, short fringed skirts and corslets[44]. The theme of marching soldiers is also seen on the ‘Painted Grave Stelae’ from Mycenae[45]. It is possible then to get some idea of how the equipment of a soldier would be put together and to see that warfare had a big influence on Mycenaean art. The use of boars tusk helmets is far more emphasised through art than in the archives, for example; in the fresco from Akrotiri which is dated to approximately sixteen hundred BC[46], and on a carved ivory relief from the house north of the ‘Oil Merchants’ which shows a Mycenaean warrior wearing a boars tusk helmet. These examples are significant because they represent the need to consider the Linear B tablets as just one part of the picture, and not as a sole contributor to our understanding of Mycenaean warfare. [1] Cline 2010:357 [2] Cline 2010:358 [3] Wardle 1997:45 [4] Cline 2010:367 [5] Cline 2010:367 [6] Cline 2010:367 [7] Rawlings 2007:21 [8] Wardle 1997:63 [9] Lodewijckx 1996:483 [10] Wardle 1997:64 [11] King 1970:296 [12] Wardle 1997:64 [13] Wardle 1997:73 [14] Cline 2010:367 [15] Chadwick 1958:116 [16] Rawlings 2007:23 [17] Lodewijckx 1996:493 [18] Cline 2010:367 [19] Rawlings 2007:21 [20] Wardle 1997:71 [21] Drews 1993:111 [22] Lodewijckx 1996:483 [23] Wardle 1997:73 [24] Wachsmann 1998:124 [25] Wachsmann 1998:125 [26] Cline 2010:358 [27] Wardle 1997:47 [28] Wachsmann 1998:123 [29] Chadwick 1976:169 [30] Cline 2010:358 [31] Edwards 1973:610-11 [32] Chadwick 1958:123 [33] Wardle 1997:39 [34] Wardle 1997:45 [35] Rawlings 2007:22 [36] Chadwick 1976:159 [37] Wardle 1997:73 [38] Hood 1960:9 [39] Hood 1960:10 [40] Wardle 1997:64 [41] Wardle 1997:63 [42] Rawlings 2007:23 [43] Tartaron 2013:64 [44] Suter 2008:82 [45] Suter 2008:83 [46] D’Amato 2013:41

Uni :: essays research papers

The protagonist in this self titled autobiography Martin Luther King, Jr. is Martin Luther King Jr. himself. In this scene Mr. King was at a book signing in a Harlem department store. As he was autographing a copy of his book about the Montgomery bus boycott titled â€Å" Stride toward Freedom† he was approached by the antagonist of this scene; an obviously demented black woman later to be judged as legally insane, Mrs. Izola Ware Curry. On Saturday September 20, 1958 Mrs. Curry approached Mr. King and asked, â€Å"Are you Martin Luther King?† Mr. King replied â€Å"Yes†, and she commenced to stab him in the chest with a razor sharp letter opener.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Martin Luther King, Jr. was rushed to Harlem Hospital by ambulance where he would lay for four hours while he was being prepped for the removal of the keen-edged knife. Days after surgery Dr. Maynard, the chief of the surgeons, informed Mr. King that the razor tip of the letter opener was touching his aorta requiring them to open his chest to remove it. With this comment to follow, â€Å" If you had sneezed during all those hours of waiting your aorta would have been punctured and you would have drowned in your own blood.† said Dr. Maynard.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If this had actually been the one of Dr. King’s last days; it would have meant that the world would have been deprived of a ten year, non-violent campaign that did in fact change society for the better. A little less than a year after his near fatal stabbing he and his family would embark upon a journey to India accompanied by Dr. D.L. Reddick. There he meet Ghandi himself giving him newfangled prospective on non-violent campaigns.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On a Humid Saturday Afternoon on September 20, 1958, Dr. King sat in a Harlem Department store signing copies of his book on the Montgomery bus boycott entitled â€Å"Stride Toward Freedom†. Amidst all the smiles and support of the crowd derived an obviously deranged woman. She approached Dr. King and inquired,†Are you Martin Luther King?† As Dr. King Replied, †Yesâ€Å" She stabbed him in the chest with a letter opener. Dr. King was rushed to the Harlem hospital by ambulance where he was immediately prepped and admitted to the surgery ward. After hours on the operating table the head surgeon Dr. Maynard, had the saturnine duty of telling the King family that the totality of effort shown by he an his team were only able to slow Dr.

Online Pay-Per-View Movies :: Computer Entertainment Papers

Online Pay-Per-View Movies I choose to discuss the topic of the internet as a new medium for pay-per-view movies because I feel it is a very fresh and new topic that has not been discussed, nor received much attention. The onset of this new medium comes from an attempt to deter online movie pirates from stealing the movies to actually purchasing them for a low price. I feel this is especially important for me to be writing this on a college campus because that is where a great deal of movie pirating occurs due to the fast online connections that the universities provide. File sharing programs like Kazaa and Limewire run ramped on college campuses making this an interesting alternative to explore. With this subject hitting close to home, I choose to research it and find out why it would be a good alternative to the free downloads that we receive from online people to people file-sharing programs. While there are a few sites out there that offer this kind of pay-per-view service, I choose to specificall y focus on the site Movielink.com because it is backed by five major Media Corporations comprised of Universal, Sony, Metro-Goldwyn-Meyer, Paramount, and Warner Brothers. For this reason, it was the ideal internet site to explore to show the recent trend towards getting new movies online, even if only for a short time. For this paper, I had to do a lot of research to find information on how the internet sites for pay-per-view movies worked, and how they were going to be marketed. Since the prevalence of this kind of internet site is very recent, I received the majority of my information from periodicals. For this, I did a lot of research on my University Library Site looking for newspaper and magazine articles from all around the world. I came up with a few very good articles that gave me a plethora of knowledge that I attempted to incorporate into my story. Since I choose to focus on the site Movielink.com, which is backed by the previously mentioned entertainment companies, I choose to make each of the CEO’s of the companies a character in my paper. It is important to note that none of these CEO’s ever met, nor do they necessarily reflect the personality traits that I created.

Three West African Kingdoms

To what extent did geography determine the location of the three West African kingdoms of Ghana, Mali and Songhai? Ghana, Mali and Songhai were the three largest Kingdoms to exist in the history of West Africa. They were located in West Africa during the 11th, 14th and 15th century. West Africa is the region in the western part of the African continent, it lies approximately 15 ° north of the equator. Geography is the study of the physical features of the earth and its atmosphere.These three prominent western african kingdoms flourished due to strategically located trade routes, abundance of natural resources and diverse types of land. These three factors primarily determined the location of the kingdoms and sustained and supported their societies. The existing trade routes greatly influenced the location of where the empires were built and expanded upon. One of the most commonly used and oldest trade routes in the world is the Trans Sahara route which crosses the Sahara desert and leads to the West African coast.As a result to the location of this trade route all three empires were located south of the desert to be the first civilization traders would reach after their journey. Map A (Trade Routes in Western Africa at the time of the Mali Kingdom) shows the location of the kingdoms in relation to the different trade routes coming from and to western Africa. This gave the kingdoms the direct link to different cultures from Europe, Asia and India whom all frequented this path. As the kingdoms prolonged more routes were opened up, leading northeast across the Sahara for example.As well as this, the positioning of trade routes allowed the empires to stabilize a flourishing economy with little risk of failure. The kingdoms proximity to the routes gave the population exactly what they wanted from all over the world. Merchants coming from Europe, Asia and India brought a variety of goods to Africa, including ceramics, silk, spices, camels and slaves. These items co uld be traded for a range of natural resources the West African region was enriched with. Not only could items be traded, but the kingdoms were able to enforce taxes on all trades within the area.The Ghanaian King imposed taxes on all people passing through the kingdom; in return he provided soldiers who protected the trade routes from unwanted intruders. The king also created the system of silent barter. An issue faced by people who traded with Ghana was the language barrier. To eliminate the use of language in trade, silent barter was used to trade goods. The location of the kingdoms in relation to the trade routes, the use of taxation and the system of silent bartering made trade with West African Kingdoms safe and efficient, helping them become prime trading centers.The western African region was enriched with large quantities of different natural resources, which not only allowed trade and economic success but also helped prosper a sustainable civilization. As shown in Map B (M ineral Resources of W. Africa), the area occupied by the kingdoms was filled with natural resources such as gold and iron. Also shown on Map B, the areas to the north and south of the kingdoms were rich in common salt, iron, titanium, copper, diamonds and zinc.Even though the region of the kingdom might have not been the location with the largest quantities of resources, their territories were in the middle of the northern and southern trade in Africa, allowing them to be in control of all internal African trade. The access to valuable resources subsequently allowed the economy to depend largely on trade and due to its economic success earned the title â€Å"Gold Coast†. Not only were natural resources used for trade, however they were also used to advance machinery and tools in order to sustain and develop the empires.Metals such as iron and copper were used to create tools (Image of iron tools found in western Africa on right), weapons and to increase efficiency of work. Ir on smelting and manufacture was not only prominent in West Africa but also among the Nok culture of Nigeria and various other parts of the continent. The productions of iron tools let agriculture, hunting and warfare progress and improve, and soon became a fundamental part of life. In conclusion, the diversity of natural resources found in the area helped flourish the economy and extend the technology and knowledge of the population in the kingdoms.The West African regions was not only a center of trade and home to many natural resources but also possessed a number of different types of land which were successfully used to increase agriculture and make a self-dependent society. As indicated on Map C (Land use in West Africa), this region had a combination of permanent crops, arable, grazing and forest land. Native plants such as pearl millet, sorghum and cowpeas were grown in large quantities to feed the majority of the population. This permitted the population to adapt to farming a nd agriculture using the land for different crops.In addition, West Africa is also coastal region bordering the Atlantic Ocean as shown on Map D. This gave the advantage of having fertile soil near the coast all year round. The European influence and steady trade greatly encouraged farming and consequently led the region to become extremely agriculturally productive as merchants would be looking for places to stock up on food and supplies whilst passing through the trade routes. Alongside this, the introduction of iron farming tools enhanced the production of crops immensely.This contributed to the many ways of how the African kingdoms became successful and self-sufficient civilization. After close examination, it can be concluded that a efficiently managed system of trade routes (including taxation and silent barter), diverse use of the different types of land (including arable, grazing and forest land) and an abundance of natural resources which were used to the kingdoms’ a dvantages, Ghana, Mali and Songhai were able to sustain themselves by using the geographic factors available. Word count: 1,044

Zoloft

sertraline Jessica Torres Herzing University Medical Terminology January 14, 2010 overturn ZOLOFT is a prescription euphony used to direct depression, panic disorder, psychoneurotic disorder (also called OCD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (also called PTSD) in adults. ZOLOFT is also used to discreetness OCD in children (ages 6-12) and adolescents (ages 12-17).ZOLOFT is supplied for oral regime as scored tablets containing sertraline hydrochloride equivalent to 25, 50 and snow mg of sertraline and the undermentioned lazy ingredients dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate, D & C Yellow 10 atomic number 13 lake (in 25 mg tablet), FD & C black 1 aluminium lake (in 25 mg tablet), FD & C Red 40 aluminum lake (in 25 mg tablet), FD & C tooth more or less 2 aluminum lake (in 50 mg tablet), hydroxypropyl cellulose, hypromellose, milligram stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polysorbate 80, sodium amylum glycolate, synthetic yellow contract oxide (in hund red mg tablet), and titanium dioxide. ZoloftZOLOFT is supplied for oral administration as scored tablets containing sertraline hydrochloride equivalent to 25, 50 and 100 mg of sertraline and the following inactive ingredients dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate, D & C Yellow 10 aluminum lake (in 25 mg tablet), FD & C Blue 1 aluminum lake (in 25 mg tablet), FD & C Red 40 aluminum lake (in 25 mg tablet), FD & C Blue 2 aluminum lake (in 50 mg tablet), hydroxypropyl cellulose, hypromellose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polysorbate 80, sodium starch glycolate, synthetic yellow iron oxide (in 100 mg tablet), and titanium dioxide.Sertraline hydrochloride is a white crystalline powder that is around soluble in water and isopropyl inebriant, and sparingly soluble in ethanol. Sertraline is the generic wine medication for Zoloft. ZOLOFT oral dressed ore is available in a multidose 60 mL bottle. Each mL of reply contains sertraline hydrochloride equ ivalent to 20 mg of sertraline. The solution contains the following inactive ingredients glycerin, alcohol (12%), menthol, butylated ydroxytoluene (BHT). The oral concentrate must be diluted prior to administration. Zoloft father in different colors some witch are white, green, and blue. Some of the manufactures organise their logo on the pills so they dwell which is theirs. Zoloft is sometimes good to treat symptoms of depression but it varies from person to person. tally sure you always consult with your refer if symptoms worsen. References www. drugs. com www. pdrhealth. com

Reducing Electrovision’s Travel and Entertainment Costs Essay

Reducing Electrovisions Travel and Entertainment Costs Here is the relieve oneself-up you requested January 30 on Electrovisions pop off and pleasure be. Your suspicion was right. We ar stumble bying out-of-the-way(prenominal) too much on condescension lead. Our offhand policy has been anything goes, leaving us with no documentary throw over T&E write d takes. Although this inactive approach may squander been at a lower placestand qualified when Electrovisions lolly were steep, we washstand no longer spread the luxury of going premier(prenominal) class.The solutions to the problem calculate rather pass away. We strike to concord someone with centralized function for drop deadling and frolic comprises, a clear statement of policy, an effective control formation, and a melodic line-oriented conk out service that can optimize our pass away arrangements. We should in addition investigate alternatives to hold up, such as videoconferencing. Perhaps more than important, we need to change our attitude. Instead of viewing get off funds as a bottomless supply of money, all locomotioning employees need to act as though they were fall ining the bills themselves. Getting people to preserve is non going to be easy.In the racetrack of re anticipateing this issue, Ive found that our employees are exceedingly devoted to their first-class snuff it privileges. I think they would or so prefer a cut in pay to a loss in act respite. matchless thing is clear stack leave alone be very bitter if we arrive at a dickens-class schema in which top executives get special privileges time the rest of the employees make the sacrifices. Im agreeable to Mary Lehman and Connie McIlvain for their help in collecting and choose through five dollar bill stratums worth of get down declares. Their efforts were truly Herculean. Thanks for giving me the opportunity to kick the bucket on this assignment. Its been a real education. If you contract any questions round the declare, please give me a call.This report analyzes Electrovisions expedition and diversion (T&E) damages and presents recommendations for reducing those be. Travel and Entertainment Costs be Too High Travel and Entertainment is a large and growing expense family unit for Electrovision. The friendship spends over $16 million per year on business decease, and these be realise been change magnitude by 12 percentage annually. Company employees make or so 3,390 trips each year at an norm cost per trip of $4,720. Airfares are the biggest expense, followed by hotels, meals, and lease cars.The temper of Electrovisions business does require extensive run, notwithstanding the political partys costs appear to be excessive. Every year Electrovision employees spend more than in deuce ways as much on T&E as the average business tourer. Although the location of the gilds facilities may partly explain this discrepancy, the primary(prenomi nal) reason for Electrovisions high costs is the self-coloreds philosophy and managerial style. Electrovisions tradition and its hands-off style almost invite employees to go first class and pay relatively pocket-size attention to travel costs. Cuts Are EssentialAlthough Electrovision has traditionally been casual about travel and pleasure expenses, focus now recognizes the need to dispatch more control over this element of costs. The company is currently enter a period of declining profits, prompting oversight to side for every opportunity to overturn spending. At the similar time, come up airfares and hotel rates are making travel and pleasure expenses more important to the bottom line.Electrovision understructure Save $6 Million per YearFortunately, Electrovision has a number of excellent opportunities for reducing its travel and entertainment costs. Savings of up to $6 million should be achievable, judging by the experience of new(prenominal) companies. American Express suggests that a sensible travel- precaution program can save companies as much as 35 percent a year (Gilligan 39-40). inclined that we grease ones palms many more first-class tickets than the average company, we should be able to achieve unconstipated greater savings. The first priority should be to hire a theatre conductor of travel and entertainment to assume boilers suit responsibility for T&E spending.This individual should establish a written travel and entertainment policy and create a compute and a cost-control system. The director should withal retain a nationwide travel situation to handle our reservations and should lead an investigation into electronic alternatives to travel. At the same time, Electrovision should make employees aware of the need for moderation in travel and entertainment spending. People should be promote to forgo any unnecessary travel and to economize on airline tickets, hotels, meals, letting cars, and new(prenominal) expenses. In ad dition to economizing on an individual basis, Electrovision should run across for ways to reduce costs by negotiating discriminatory rates with travel providers. Once retained, a travel agency should be able to accomplish this.Finally, we should flavour into the alternatives to travel. Although we may have to invest money in videoconferencing systems or other equipment, we may be able to recover these costs through decreased travel expenses. I recommend that the new travel director undertake this investigation to make sure it is healthful integrated with the rest of the travel program. These changes, although necessary, are likely to hurt morale, at least in the picayune term. Management will need to make a determined effort to explain the rationale for trim back spending. By exercising moderation in their own travel arrangements, Electrovision executives can set a not bad(predicate) example and help other employees accept the changes. On the plus side, cutting back on trave l with videoconferencing or other alternatives will reduce the travel burden on many employees and help them end their business and personal lives much better.Electrovision has always encouraged a significant amount of business travel, believe that it is an effective way of operating. To compensate employees for the inconvenience and variant of obsess trips, management has authorized generous travel and entertainment (T&E) allowances. This philosophy has been good for morale, but the company has paid a damage. subsist year Electrovision exhausted $16 million on T&E$7 million more than it spent on research and development. This year the cost of travel and entertainment will have a bigger move on profits, owing to changes in airfares and hotel rates. The timing of these changes is ill because the company anticipates that profits will be relatively weak for a variety of other reasons. In light of these profit pressures, Dennis McWilliams, Vice President of Operations, has asked the enumerateing system plane section to take a closer watch at the T&E reckon.Purpose, Scope, and LimitationsThe purpose of this report is to analyze the T&E calculate, evaluate the encounter of recent changes in airfares and hotel costs, and suggest ways to abridge managements control over T&E expenses. Although the report outlines a number of locomote that could reduce Electrovisions expenses, the precise fiscal cushion of these measures is difficult to project. The fancys presented in the report provide a best guess view of what Electrovision can extend to save. Until the company actually implements these steps, however, we wont contend exactly how much the travel and entertainment cipher can be reduced.Sources and MethodsIn preparing this report, the accounting department analyzed internal expense reports for the ancient five age to determine how much Electrovision spends on travel and entertainment. These predicts were then compared with average statistics co mpiled by Dow Jones (publisher of The Wall pathway Journal) and presented as the Dow Jones Travel Index. We also analyzed trends and suggestions publish in a variety of business diary articles to see how other companies are coping with the high cost of business travel.Report OrganizationThis report reviews the size and war paint of Electrovisions travel and entertainment expenses, analyzes trends in travel costs, and recommends steps for reducing the T&E budget.Although many companies view travel and entertainment as an incidental cost of doing business, the dollars add up. At Electrovision the bill for airfares, hotels, rental cars, meals, and entertainment replete(p)ed $16 million last year. Our T&E budget has increased by 12 percent per year for the past five years. Compared with the average U.S. Businesss travel expenditures, Electrovisions expenditures are high, largely because of managements generous policy on travel benefits. $16 Million per Year Spent on Travel and Ente rtainmentElectrovisions annual budget for travel and entertainment is only 8 percent of gross revenue. Because this is a relatively small expense category compared with such things as salaries and commissions, it is tempting to dismiss T&E costs as insignificant. However, T&E is Electrovisions third-largest controllable expense, directly behind salaries and knowledge systems. Last year Electrovision military group make about 3,390 trips at an average cost per trip of $4,720.The distinctive trip involved a round-trip flight of 3,000 miles, meals and hotel accommodations for ii or deuce-ace solar days, and a rental car. roughly 80 percent of the trips were made by 20 percent of the stafftop management and sales personnel traveled most, averaging 18 trips per year. bode 1 illustrates how the travel and entertainment budget is spent. The largest categories are airfares and lodging, which in concert account for $7 out of every $10 that employees spend on travel and entertainment. This spending sectionalisation has been relatively even for the past five years and is consistent with the distribution of expenses experienced by other companies.Figure 1 Airfares and Lodging Account for oer Two-Thirds of Electrovisions Travel and Entertainment BudgetAlthough the composition of the T&E budget has been consistent, its size has not. As mentioned earlier, these expenditures have increased by about 12 percent per year for the past five years, roughly twice the rate of the companys produce in sales (see Figure 2). This rate of branch makes T&E Electrovisions fastest-growing expense item.Figure 2 Travel and Entertainment Expenses Exceed subject area Averages Electrovisions Travel Expenses Exceed National Averages practically of our travel budget is justified. Two major(ip) factors feed to Electrovisions high travel and entertainment budgetWith our geniusquarters on the West shore and our major customer on the East Coast, we naturally spend a lot on cross-countr y flights. A great deal of travel takes place amid our headquarters here on the West Coast and the manufacturing operations in Detroit, Boston, and Dallas. Corporate managers and division personnel make frequent trips to coordinate these disparate operations. However, even though a good portion of Electrovisions travel budget is justifiable, our travelers spend considerable more on travel and entertainment than the average business traveler (see Figure 3).Figure 3 Electrovision People Spend Over The Dow Jones Travel Index calculates the average cost per day of business travel in the United States, based on average airfare, hotel rates, and rental car rates. The average fluctuates weekly as travel companies change their rates, but it has been running about $1,000 per day for the last year or so. In contrast, Electrovisions average daily expense over the past year has been $2,250125 percent high than average. This figure is based on the average trip cost of $4,720 listed earlier and an average trip length of 2.1 days. spending Has Been EncouragedAlthough a variety of factors may summate to this differential, Electrovisions relatively high T&E costs are at least part attributable to the companys philosophy and management style. Because many employees do not enjoy business travel, management has tried to make the trips more sweet by authorizing first-class airfare, luxury hotel accommodations, and full-size rental cars. The sales staff is encouraged to entertain clients at top restaurants and to invite them to cultural and sporting events. The cost of these privileges is easy to overlook, given the weakness of Electrovisions system for property track of T&E expensesThe periodic financial records provided to management do not ask a separate category for travel and entertainment the information is buried under Cost of Goods sell and under Selling, General, and Administration Expenses. Each department head is given authority to approve any expense report, reg ardless of how large it may be. Receipts are not required for expenditures of less than $100. Individuals are allowed to make their own travel arrangements. No one is aerated with the responsibility for controlling the companys total spending on travel and entertainment.During the past three years, the companys healthy profits have resulted in relatively little pressure to button for tighter controls overall aspects of the business. However, as we all know, the situation is changing. Were projecting flat to declining profits for the next two years, a situation that has prompted all of us to search for ways to cut costs. At the same time, rising airfares and hotel rates have increased the impact of T&E expenses on the companys financial results.Lower Profits Underscore the Need for lurchThe next two years promise to be difficult for Electrovision. After some(prenominal) years of steady increases in spending, the Postal Service is tightening procural policies for automated mail-han dling equipment. Funding for the A-12 optical character contributor has been canceled. As a consequence, the marketing department expects sales to drop by 15 percent. Although Electrovision is negotiating several bright R&D contracts with nongovernmental clients, the marketing department does not foresee any major procurements for the next two to three years.At the same time, Electrovision is facing costs increases on several fronts. As weve known for several months, the new production facility now under construction in Salt Lake City, Utah, is behind memorandum and over budget. labor contracts in Boston and Dallas kick the bucket within the next six months, and plant managers in that respect anticipate that significant salary and benefits concessions may be necessary to avoid strikes. Moreover, marketing and advertising costs are expected to increase as we search to strengthen these activities to better cope with competitive pressures. Given the expected decline in revenues a nd increase in costs, the Executive committees prediction that profits will fall by 12 percent in the coming fiscal year does not seem overly pessimistic.Airfares and Hotel Rates Are go upBusiness travelers have bad accustomed to frequent fare wars and discounting in the travel industry in recent years. Excess capacity and aggressive price competition, particularly in the airline business, made travel a relative bargain. However, that situation has changed, as weaker competitors have been forced out and the remaining players have grown stronger and smarter. Airlines and hotels are better at managing inventory and keeping occupancy rates high, and high occupancy translates into higher prices because suppliers have les reason to compete on price. Last year saw some of the steepest rate hikes in years. Business airfares (tickets most likely to be purchased by business travelers) jumped over 40 percent in many markets. The trend is expected to continue, with rates increasing another 5 to 10 percent overall (Phillips 331 Travel Costs Under Pressure 30 Dahl B6). Given the fact that airfare and hotel costs account for 70 percent of Electrovisions T&E budget, the trend toward higher prices in these two categories will have serious consequences on the companys expenses unless management takes action to control these costs.By implementing a number of reforms, management can expect to reduce Electrovisions T&E budget by as much as 40 percent. This estimate is based on the general assessment made by American Express (Gilligan 130-140) and the fact that we have an opportunity to significantly reduce air travel costs by reducing or eliminating first-class travel. However, these measures are likely to be unpopular with employees. To gain acceptance for such changes, management will need to sell employees on the need for moderation in travel and entertainment allowances.Four Ways to hack ExpensesBy researching what other companies are doing to curb travel and entertainment expenses, the accounting department has identified four prominent opportunities that should enable Electrovision to save about $6 million annually in travel-related costs.